Silikoni ndi okosijeni ndi zinthu ziwiri zomwe zimafalikira kwambiri padziko lapansi. Kupatula kupanga SiO2, zimaphatikizananso kupanga mchere wochuluka kwambiri wa silicate womwe umapezeka mu nthaka. Pali mchere woposa 800 wodziwika bwino wa silicate, womwe umapanga pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a mitundu yonse ya mchere wodziwika. Pamodzi, amapanga pafupifupi 85% ya nthaka ndi lithosphere ya Dziko lapansi polemera. Miyala iyi siimangokhala yoyambira ya miyala ya igneous, sedimentary, ndi metamorphic komanso imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati magwero a miyala yambiri yachitsulo yosakhala yachitsulo komanso yosowa. Zitsanzo zake ndi monga quartz, feldspar, kaolinite, illite, bentonite, talc, mica, asbestos, wollastonite, pyroxene, amphibole, kyanite, garnet, zircon, diatomite, serpentine, peridotite, andalusite, biotite, ndi muscovite.
1. Feldspar
◆Kapangidwe ka Thupi: Feldspar ndi mchere wofalikira kwambiri padziko lapansi. Feldspar wolemera potaziyamu amatchedwa potassium feldspar. Orthoclase, microcline, ndi albite ndi zitsanzo za mchere wa potassium feldspar. Feldspar imakhala ndi kukhazikika kwabwino kwa mankhwala ndipo imalimbana ndi ma acid, nthawi zambiri imakhala yovuta kuwola. Kulimba kwake kumakhala kuyambira 5.5 mpaka 6.5, kuchulukana kuyambira 2.55 mpaka 2.75, ndi malo osungunuka kuyambira 1185 mpaka 1490°C. Kawirikawiri zimapezeka ndi quartz, muscovite, biotite, sillimanite, garnet, ndi magnetite, ilmenite, ndi tantalite pang'ono.
◆Ntchito: Amagwiritsidwa ntchito posungunula magalasi, zinthu zopangira ceramic, ma glaze a ceramic, zinthu zopangira enamel, feteleza wa potaziyamu, komanso ngati miyala yokongoletsera ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali.
◆Njira Zosankhira: Kusankha ndi manja, kulekanitsa maginito, kuyandama.
◆Chiyambi ndi Zochitika: Zimapezeka mu miyala ya gneiss kapena gneissic metamorphic; mitsempha ina imapezeka m'miyala ya granite kapena mafic kapena m'malo omwe imalumikizana. Makamaka imakhala mu pegmatitic feldspar massifs kapena differentiated single feldspar pegmatites.
2. Kaolinite
◆Kapangidwe kake: Kaolinite yoyera ndi yoyera koma nthawi zambiri imakhala yofiira, yachikasu, yabuluu, yobiriwira, kapena imvi chifukwa cha zinthu zosafunika. Ili ndi kuchuluka kwa 2.61 mpaka 2.68 ndipo kuuma kwake kumayambira pa 2 mpaka 3. Kaolinite imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zadothi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku komanso m'mafakitale, zinthu zotsutsa, kupanga mapepala, zomangamanga, zokutira, rabala, mapulasitiki, nsalu, komanso ngati chodzaza kapena utoto woyera.
◆Ntchito: Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zadothi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku komanso m'mafakitale, zinthu zotsutsa, kupanga mapepala, zomangamanga, zokutira, labala, mapulasitiki, nsalu, komanso ngati chodzaza kapena utoto woyera.
◆Njira Zosankhira: Kulekanitsa maginito ouma ndi onyowa, kulekanitsa mphamvu yokoka, kusungunuka kwa calcium, kuyeretsa kwa mankhwala.
◆Chiyambi ndi Zochitika: Choyamba chimapangidwa kuchokera ku miyala ya igneous ndi metamorphic yokhala ndi silica-alumina, yomwe imasinthidwa ndi nyengo kapena kusintha kwa hydrothermal yotsika kutentha.
3. Mika
◆Kapangidwe kake: Mica nthawi zambiri imakhala yoyera, yokhala ndi mithunzi yachikasu chopepuka, chobiriwira pang'ono, kapena imvi yopepuka. Ili ndi kuwala kooneka ngati galasi, ngati ngale pamalo osweka, komanso mapepala opyapyala koma osalimba. Kulimba kwake kumayambira pa 1 mpaka 2 ndipo kuchuluka kwake kumayambira pa 2.65 mpaka 2.90. Mica imagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zotsalira, zadothi, zadothi zamagetsi, zophikira, fiberglass, rabala, kupanga mapepala, utoto, mankhwala, zodzoladzola, mapulasitiki, komanso ngati zinthu zothandizira pojambula zaluso.
◆Ntchito: Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zopingasa, zoumba, porcelain yamagetsi, zophikira, fiberglass, rabara, kupanga mapepala, utoto, mankhwala, zodzoladzola, mapulasitiki, komanso ngati zinthu zothandizira posema zaluso.
◆Njira Zosankhira: Kusankha ndi manja, kulekanitsa kwa electrostatic, kulekanitsa kwa maginito.
◆Kuyamba ndi Kuchitika: Zopangidwa makamaka ndi kusintha kwa madzi kutentha kwa miyala yapakati ya volcano ndi tuffs, zomwe zimapezekanso mu schists ya crystalline yokhala ndi aluminiyamu komanso mitsempha ina ya quartz ya hydrothermal yotsika kutentha.
4. Talc
◆Kapangidwe ka Thupi: Talc yoyera ndi yopanda mtundu koma nthawi zambiri imawoneka yachikasu, yobiriwira, yabulauni, kapena pinki chifukwa cha zinthu zosafunika. Ili ndi kuwala kooneka ngati galasi komanso kuuma kwa 1 pa sikelo ya Mohs. Talc imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati chodzaza m'mafakitale opanga mapepala ndi rabara komanso ngati choyeretsera nsalu. Imagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu zadothi, utoto, zokutira, mapulasitiki, ndi zodzoladzola.
◆Ntchito: Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chodzaza m'mafakitale opanga mapepala ndi rabara, ngati choyeretsera nsalu m'mafakitale opanga nsalu, komanso mu zinthu zadothi, utoto, zokutira, mapulasitiki, ndi zodzoladzola.
◆Njira Zosankhira: Kusankha ndi manja, kulekanitsa pogwiritsa ntchito maginito, kusandutsa pogwiritsa ntchito maginito, kusanja pogwiritsa ntchito kuwala, kuyandama, kutsuka.
◆Chiyambi ndi Zochitika: Zimapangidwa makamaka ndi kusintha kwa kutentha kwa madzi ndi kusintha kwa mawonekedwe, komwe nthawi zambiri kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi magnesite, serpentine, dolomite, ndi talc schist.
5. Muscovite
◆Kapangidwe kake: Muscovite ndi mtundu wa mchere wa mica, womwe nthawi zambiri umawoneka woyera, imvi, wachikasu, wobiriwira, kapena bulauni. Uli ndi kuwala konga galasi kokhala ndi mawonekedwe ngati ngale pamwamba pa ming'alu. Muscovite imagwiritsidwa ntchito pozimitsa moto, ndodo zolumikizira, mapulasitiki, zotetezera magetsi, kupanga mapepala, pepala la asphalt, rabala, utoto wa ngale, mapulasitiki, utoto, ndi rabala ngati zodzaza ntchito.
◆Ntchito: Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zozimitsira moto, ndodo zowotcherera, mapulasitiki, zotetezera magetsi, kupanga mapepala, pepala la phula, labala, utoto wa ngale, mapulasitiki, utoto, ndi rabala ngati zodzaza ntchito.
◆Njira Zosankhira: Kuyandama, kusankha mphepo, kusankha ndi manja, kupukuta, kusankha kukangana, kupukuta bwino, kupukuta bwino kwambiri, kusintha pamwamba.
◆Chiyambi ndi Zochitika: Choyamba ndi zotsatira za mphamvu ya magmatic ndi mphamvu ya pegmatitic, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimapezeka mu granite pegmatites ndi mica schists, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi quartz, feldspar, ndi mchere wosowa wa radioactive.
Kupitiliza kumasulira:
6. Sodalite
Sodalite ndi dongosolo la makristalo a triclinic, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi makristalo ozungulira okhala ndi mikwingwirima yofanana pamwamba pa kristalo. Ili ndi kuwala kwa vitreous, ndipo kuswekako kumawonetsa kuwala kowoneka ngati galasi mpaka ngale. Mitundu imayambira pa kuwala mpaka buluu wakuda, wobiriwira, wachikasu, imvi, bulauni, wopanda mtundu, kapena woyera wowala wa imvi. Kulimba kwake kumayambira pa 5.5 mpaka 7.0, ndi mphamvu ya 3.53 mpaka 3.65. Miyala yayikulu ndi sodalite ndi silika yaying'ono, yokhala ndi mchere wowonjezera monga quartz, mica wakuda, mica yagolide, ndi chlorite.
Sodalite ndi chinthu chopangidwa m'madera osiyanasiyana chomwe chimapezeka mu crystalline schists ndi gneisses. Opanga otchuka padziko lonse lapansi ndi Switzerland, Austria, ndi mayiko ena. Akatenthedwa kufika madigiri 1300.°C, sodalite imasintha kukhala mullite, chinthu cholimba kwambiri chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma spark plugs, ma nozzles amafuta, ndi zinthu zina zadothi zolimba kwambiri. Aluminiyamu imathanso kuchotsedwa. Makristalo owoneka bwino amitundu yokongola angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati miyala yamtengo wapatali, ndipo buluu wozama ndiye omwe amakondedwa kwambiri. North Carolina ku United States imapanga sodalite yamtengo wapatali yabuluu wozama komanso wobiriwira.
7.Garnet
◆Katundu wakuthupi
Kawirikawiri bulauni, wachikasu, wofiira, wobiriwira, ndi zina zotero; wowonekera bwino mpaka wowala; vitreous luster, wosweka ndi resinous luster; palibe kugawanika; kuuma 5.6 ~ 7.5; kachulukidwe 3.5 ~ 4.2.
◆Mapulogalamu
Kulimba kwambiri kwa Garnet kumapangitsa kuti ikhale yoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zokwawa; makristalo akuluakulu okhala ndi mtundu wokongola komanso mawonekedwe owonekera angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zinthu zopangira miyala yamtengo wapatali.
◆Njira zolekanitsira
Kusanja ndi manja, kulekanitsa maginito.
◆Chiyambi ndi zochitika
Garnet imafalikira kwambiri m'njira zosiyanasiyana za geological, ndikupanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya garnet chifukwa cha njira zosiyanasiyana za geological; mndandanda wa garnet wa calcium-aluminium umapangidwa makamaka m'miyala ya hydrothermal, alkaline, ndi ma pegmatites ena; mndandanda wa garnet wa magnesium-aluminium umapangidwa makamaka m'miyala ya igneous ndi miyala ya metamorphic ya m'madera osiyanasiyana, ma gneisses, ndi miyala ya volcano.
8.Biotite
◆Katundu wakuthupi
Biotite imapezeka makamaka m'miyala yosinthika ndi miyala ina monga granite. Mtundu wa biotite umayambira wakuda mpaka bulauni, wofiira, kapena wobiriwira. Ili ndi kuwala kwa vitreous, makhiristo otanuka, kuuma kochepa kuposa msomali, kosavuta kung'amba zidutswa, ndipo ndi wofanana ndi mbale kapena columnar.
◆Mapulogalamu
Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pa zipangizo zomangira zotetezera moto, kupanga mapepala, mapepala a phula, mapulasitiki, rabala, zozimitsira moto, ndodo zowotcherera, zodzikongoletsera, utoto wa ngale, ndi mafakitale ena a mankhwala. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, biotite yagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri popanga zokongoletsera monga utoto weniweni wa miyala.
◆Njira zolekanitsira
Kuyandama, kusankha mphepo, kusankha ndi manja, kung'amba, kusankha kukangana, kugaya bwino, kugaya bwino kwambiri, kusintha pamwamba.
9.Muscovite
◆Katundu wakuthupi
Muscovite ndi mtundu wa mchere wa mica womwe uli m'gulu la mica yoyera, silicate ya aluminiyamu, chitsulo, ndi potaziyamu. Muscovite ili ndi muscovite wakuda (mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya bulauni kapena yobiriwira, ndi zina zotero) ndi muscovite wowala (mitundu yosiyanasiyana yachikasu chopepuka). Muscovite wowala ndi wowonekera bwino ndipo uli ndi kuwala kwa vitreous; muscovite wakuda ndi wowonekera pang'ono. Kuwala kwa vitreous mpaka submetallic, pamwamba pake pali kusweka kwa ngale. Mapepala opyapyala ndi otanuka, kuuma 2 ~ 3, mphamvu yokoka 2.70 ~ 2.85, osayendetsa mpweya.
◆Mapulogalamu
Imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'makampani opanga zida zomangira, makampani ozimitsa moto, zida zozimitsira moto, ndodo zowotcherera, mapulasitiki, zotetezera magetsi, kupanga mapepala, pepala la phula, labala, utoto wa ngale, ndi mafakitale ena a mankhwala. Ufa wa mica wabwino kwambiri umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chodzaza chogwira ntchito cha mapulasitiki, zokutira, utoto, rabala, ndi zina zotero, kuti uwonjezere mphamvu zamakanika, kuwonjezera kulimba, kumatira, kuletsa kukalamba, komanso kukana dzimbiri.
Mu mafakitale, imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka chifukwa cha kutchinjiriza kwake ndi kukana kutentha, komanso kukana ma asidi, alkali, kupsinjika, ndi kutsekeka, komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zinthu zotetezera zida zamagetsi ndi zida zamagetsi; kachiwiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma boiler a nthunzi, mawindo a ng'anjo yosungunulira, ndi zida zamakina.
◆Njira zolekanitsira
Kuyandama, kusankha mphepo, kusankha ndi manja, kung'amba, kusankha kukangana, kugaya bwino, kugaya bwino kwambiri, kusintha pamwamba.
10.Olivine
◆Katundu wakuthupi
Wobiriwira wa azitona, wachikasu-wobiriwira, wobiriwira wopepuka imvi, wobiriwira-wakuda. Kuwala kwa vitreous, kusweka kofanana ndi chipolopolo; kuuma 6.5~7.0, kachulukidwe 3.27~4.37.
◆Mapulogalamu
Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zinthu zopangira magnesium ndi phosphates, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga feteleza wa calcium-magnesium phosphate; olivine wolemera magnesium angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zinthu zosagwira ntchito; olivine wowonekera bwino komanso wosalala angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zinthu zopangira miyala yamtengo wapatali.
◆Njira zolekanitsira
Kusankhanso, kulekanitsa maginito.
◆Chiyambi ndi zochitika
Amapangidwa makamaka ndi mphamvu ya magmatic, yomwe imapezeka m'miyala ya ultrabasic ndi basic, yogwirizana ndi pyroxene, amphibole, magnetite, mchere wa gulu la platinamu, ndi zina zotero.
Nthawi yotumizira: Julayi-31-2024