Pa June 4, China Powder Network inayang'ana pa nkhani ya Wang Qian, Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti wa Shandong Huate Magnetoelectric Company ndi gulu lake la luso lamakono ndi chitukuko, ndi mutu wa "Kulimbana ndi Upainiya wa Makampani".
Nkhani Zokambirana za China Powder Network
Mu Linqu County, Weifang, Shandong, m'dera lakale la Yimeng, pali odziwika bwino magnetoelectric zida kupanga ogwira ntchito. Pansi pa kukhala wosauka komanso woyera, zimakhazikika mumsika wautumiki wolekanitsa maginito, mokhazikika komanso mokhazikika, ndikudziposa nthawi zonse. Pambuyo pa zaka 28, zapita lero. Kutsogolo kwa mafakitale amagetsi aku China, ndi Shandong Huate Magnetoelectric Technology Co., Ltd.
Mu 1993, woyambitsa kampaniyo komanso wapampando Wang Zhaolian adakumana ndi achinyamata awiri omwe adatsimikiza mtima kuyamba ntchito. Iwo adapeza ndalama zokwana 10,000 yuan ndipo adayambitsa zovuta zoyambira bizinesi yokhala ndi nyumba ziwiri zofolera ndi udzu ndi ofesi. Iwo analoza upangiri wawo wamabizinesi ku chitukuko ndi kupanga zolekanitsa zitsulo, ndipo adapanga gulu loyamba la zolekanitsa zitsulo zoziziritsidwa ndi mpweya mu Meyi 1995, kenako adapanga zolekanitsa zitsulo zamaginito okhazikika ndi zolekanitsa zitsulo zotayidwa ndi mafuta.
Chiyambireni chitukuko chake, Shandong Huate wakula kukhala ndi mabungwe 8 apakhomo ndi mabungwe awiri akunja, okhala ndi katundu wopitilira yuan oposa 600 miliyoni ndi antchito oposa 800. Zogulitsa zake zimatumizidwa ku Australia, Germany, Austria, Czech Republic, Brazil, South Africa, etc. 30 Zida zopangira maginito apamwamba kwambiri m'mayiko atatu.
Patapita zaka 28 chitukuko mosalekeza, Shandong Huate bwinobwino kuwoloka mkulu-mapeto makampani zida zachipatala ndi mafakitale magnetoelectric zida makampani. Zogulitsa zomwe zimapangidwa zakula kuchokera pakuchotsa chitsulo choyambirira kupita kumankhwala apamwamba kwambiri a maginito, ndi cryogenic superconducting magnetic separator, Electromagnetic, okhazikika maginito olekanitsa maginito, stirrer, Ultra-fine crushing and classification zida, zida zonse zamigodi, seti yathunthu. zida zolekanitsa zitsulo zopanda chitsulo, ma elekitirodi amadzi am'nyanja olekanitsa mafuta olekanitsa ndi zida zobwezeretsanso, zida zamagetsi zamagetsi, ndi zina zambiri, komanso zida zake zogwiritsira ntchito zidachokera kumakampani oyambira migodi a malasha kupita kuminda yopitilira 10 kuphatikiza migodi, mphamvu yamagetsi, zitsulo, zitsulo zopanda chitsulo, kuteteza chilengedwe, chithandizo chamankhwala, ndi kuzimitsa moto.
Shandong Huate ndi dziko lonse mlingo nzeru woyendetsa malonda, dziko mlingo mkulu-chatekinoloje ogwira ntchito, dziko-mlingo wapadera ndi latsopano "chimphona pang'ono" ogwira ntchito, dziko nzeru katundu chionetsero ntchito, bizinesi kutsogolera mu Torch Plan Linqu Magnetoelectric Equipment. Characteristic Industrial Base, ndi China Heavy Machinery Vice Chairman Unit of the Industrial Association, Chairman Unit of the Innovation Strategic Alliance of Magnetoelectricity and Cryogenic Superconducting Magnets, Champion Single of Manufacturing in Shandong Province, and Gazelle Enterprise ku Province la Shandong. Pofuna kukonza luso la R&D la kampani, kukulitsa gulu laukadaulo lapakati, ndikupereka bwino ntchito zonse zozungulira makasitomala amigodi, kampaniyo yakhazikitsa malo ogwirira ntchito asayansi asayansi yapambuyo-udokotala, malo ogwirira ntchito azamayunivesite, ukadaulo waukadaulo wachigawo magnetoelectric. Center, ndi kiyi ya zida zaukadaulo zamaginito. Mapulatifomu asanu ndi anayi akuzigawo ndi pamwamba pa R&D, kuphatikiza labotale ndi Shandong Industrial Design Center, akhala akatswiri opanga zida zogwiritsira ntchito maginito.
Pa June 3, 2021, atayitanidwa ndi Bambo Wang Zhaolian, mtsogoleri wa National Ten Thousand Talents Program ndi Wapampando wa Shandong Huate Magnetoelectric Technology Co., Ltd., Bambo Song Chunxin, woyang'anira wamkulu wa Fanxiangtong Division of China. Powder Network, adayendera kampaniyo. Maphwando awiriwa adakambirana mozama za mgwirizano wamalonda. Ndiye, motsogozedwa ndi Wachiwiri kwa Pulezidenti Wang Qian wa kampani, ndi China ufa Network anapita ku Walter Science and Technology Museum, Sino-German Key Laboratory of Magnetoelectricity and Intelligent Mineral Processing (Shandong Key Laboratory of Magnetic Application Equipment), Scale Testing Center, ndi maginito apamwamba kwambiri. Malo opangira zida zamagetsi, etc.
Pomaliza, poyang'anizana ndi mwayi wamtengo wapatali wotere, mtolankhani wochokera ku China Powder Network adagwiritsa ntchito mwayi wochita kuyankhulana kwapadera ndi achichepere komanso akulonjeza Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti wa Shandong Huate Bambo Wang Qian. Bambo Wang ali mu ubwino mpikisano wa kampani, chitukuko cha mankhwala ndi malangizo makampani chitukuko, etc. Iwo anapereka chiyambi mwatsatanetsatane kwa atolankhani.
Powder Network: Moni, Bambo Wang, ife tonse tikudziwa kuti Walter Magnet unakhazikitsidwa mu 1993. Kuchokera pa msonkhano waung'ono chaka chimenecho, izo zapanga kukhala mpikisano wapadziko lonse lapansi "wothandizira maginito ogwiritsira ntchito maginito", Walter Magnet M'zaka 28 izi. , Ndiyenera kuti ndinakumana ndi zambiri, monga zovuta za chiyambi ndi zowawa za nthawi ya kusintha. Monga tikudziwira, Bambo Wang, mudali ndi zaka 8 za maphunziro a kutsidya kwa nyanja ndi maphunziro owonjezera. Chimene chinakupangitsani kusiya mwayi wanu wachitukuko kunja ndikubwereranso mumzinda wa Weifang ku Shandong, bwererani ku Huate ndikukhala ku Huate mwamphamvu. Lowani nawo makampani opanga zida zamagetsi?
Bambo Wang: Walter Magnet anakhazikitsidwa mu 1993. Makolo anga ananditumiza kudziko lina kukaphunzira mu 2011. Nthawi imeneyi inali nthawi yolepheretsa ntchito ya makolo anga, koma anawonongabe ndalama zambiri kuti anditumizire kusukulu. kuphunzira. Kulima, panthawiyi ndikuthokoza kwambiri makolo anga. Chiyambireni chitukuko cha bizinesi, chimodzi mwa zifukwa zazikulu zomwe zinandilimbikitsa kuti ndibwerere ndi bambo anga, yemwe anayambitsa Shandong Huate Magnetoelectricity. Kwa zaka 28, wakhala akudzipereka pa kafukufuku ndi chitukuko ndi kukula kwa magnetoelectric ndi maginito teknoloji mafakitale. Moyo wake komanso ntchito zake zandichititsa kusirira. Kuphatikizidwa ndi kuphunzitsidwa kwa zaka zambiri, iye wasonkhezeredwa kwambiri ndi miyambo yabwino ya dziko la China ali mnyamata m’nyengo yatsopano. Nditakwanitsa maphunziro anga, ndili ndi udindo waukulu wotumikira dziko lakwathu. Pazimenezi, ndinasankha kubwerera kwa Walter ndikudzipereka pakukula ndi chitukuko cha Walter Magneto.
Powder Network: Ndiloleni ndifunse Bambo Wang, kuchokera ku malonda oyambirira a olekanitsa chitsulo, Huate Magneto wapereka chiwerengero chachikulu cha mankhwala kwa minda yoposa khumi monga migodi, malasha, mphamvu yamagetsi, zitsulo, zitsulo zopanda chitsulo, kuteteza chilengedwe. , kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zina, komanso chithandizo chamankhwala. Zogulitsa zaukadaulo wa maginito. Ndikufuna kufunsa Bambo Wang, ndi magawo ati omwe Walter Magneto adasintha ndikukweza kwazinthu zawo? Kodi zinthu zazikulu za kampani yanu pakadali pano ndi ziti?
Bambo Wang: Zogulitsa za Huate zitha kunenedwa kuti zidasinthidwa komanso kukulitsidwa kosawerengeka. Mu 1993, chotsitsa choyamba chokhazikika chachitsulo cha maginito chinatuluka, ndipo chinagwira ntchito yochotsa chitsulo ndi kuchepetsa chitsulo cha ufa wa simenti. Kuyambira 2000, abambo anga adapeza mwayi watsopano wamabizinesi kudzera munzeru zawo zamsika ndikusinthidwa kukhala zida zolekanitsa maginito zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza mchere, zomwe nthawi zambiri timazitcha olekanitsa maginito. M'zaka za 2000-2003, tidapanga kusintha kwaukadaulo wamafakitale ndikukhazikitsa m'badwo wathu woyamba wokhazikika wamaginito olekanitsa maginito, womwe udagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachangu pazotsuka zamakala, kuphatikiza migodi yachitsulo. Kuti tipitilize kukulitsa unyolo wamakampani, tinapanga cholekanitsa maginito a electromagnetic. Mfundo yake ndi kupanga mphamvu ya maginito kwambiri kudzera pa koyilo yopatsa mphamvu. Mphamvu yake ya maginito imatha kufika nthawi 3-4 kuposa mphamvu ya maginito yokhazikika, yomwe imathetsa vuto la kukonzanso mchere m'dziko langa. , Kupititsa patsogolo luso la kulingalira. Pofuna kupititsa patsogolo kupikisana kwa zinthu zathu, tachita kafukufuku ndi chitukuko cha zida zapamwamba za superconducting, kuswa ulamuliro wapadziko lonse, ndikuchita bwino chitukuko chachipatala cha superconducting magnetic resonance system, mafakitale superconducting magnetic separation zida, superconducting magnetic separators, ndi superconducting maginito kupatukana zida. Chowongolera chitsulo chowongolera. Titha kunena kuti msewu wachitukuko wa Huate ndi njira yopitilira zatsopano. Tsopano tikuyang'ana gawo laukadaulo la kafukufuku ndi chitukuko, ndipo tapanga zinthu zingapo zapamwamba, monga kutulutsa maginito, kukankha maginito ndi zida zina zapamwamba. Awa ndi mayendedwe aposachedwa azinthu zathu.
Powder Network: "Innovation" ndi bizinesi yowoneka bwino yamakampani anu. Kodi pali zovuta zotani pa kafukufuku ndi chitukuko chaukadaulo wolekanitsa maginito? Kodi ndi ntchito yanji yomwe kampani yanu yachita panjira yazatsopano?
Bambo Wang: Asanagulitse malonda, kufufuza kwazinthu ndi chitukuko ndizomwe zimakhala zovuta kwambiri, komanso ndizomwe zimakhala zovuta kwambiri. Tidakumananso ndi zovuta zambiri pakufufuza ndi chitukuko cha zida zathu zolekanitsa maginito, monga zovuta zamaginito okhazikika. Ndi maginito amkati, ngodya yokulunga ndi mapangidwe ena, kupyolera mu mapangidwe osiyanasiyana a maginito ozungulira ndi kusungunula madzi, amatha kutulutsa zotsatira zosiyana siyana, kukula kwa ngodya yamkati kungathenso kudziwa momwe mungasankhire. M'kati mwa kulekanitsa konyowa kwa maginito amagetsi, mapangidwe apakati olekanitsa amathanso kukhudza momwe zinthu zimagwiritsidwira ntchito. Chovuta chachikulu cha zinthu zamagetsi zamagetsi ndi njira yozizira ya koyilo, chifukwa njira yozizira ya koyiloyo imatsimikizira mwachindunji moyo wautumiki wa gawo loyambira la zida.
Zokhudza zatsopano zathu zagawidwa m'magawo awa:
Choyamba, takhala tikugwirizana ndi mgwirizano wamakampani-kafukufuku-zamaphunziro kuyambira 2004. Kupyolera mu mgwirizano wapamtima ndi Chinese Academy of Sciences ndi mabungwe ena a maphunziro apamwamba, tasintha pa maziko athu oyambirira. Kupyolera mu mgwirizano wa akatswiri ambiri a maphunziro ndi akatswiri Ndi chithandizo chonse, malonda athu akhala akudziwika bwino pamakampani.
Chachiwiri, takhazikitsa malo angapo oyesera opindulitsa kutsidya kwa nyanja, motero tikukulitsa njira zathu zogulitsira kunja ndi makasitomala, kubweretsa zida zawo zachitsulo kumalo athu oyesera kwanuko, kuti makasitomala aziwona patsamba. onani zomwe zida zosankhidwa ndi zida za Huate zitha kukwaniritsa komanso phindu lanji lomwe lingawapangire, zomwe zitha kupititsa patsogolo luso ndikuwonjezera kukopa.
Chachitatu, tinakhazikitsa mgwirizano wamakampani mu 2010, womwe umazindikiridwanso ngati mgwirizano wadziko lonse ndi Unduna wa Sayansi ndi Ukadaulo. Ndife oyambitsa mgwirizanowu komanso wapampando wapano. Mgwirizanowu umabweretsa pamodzi makampani Timaganizira za chitukuko ndi zovuta zamakampani, kufotokoza mwachidule zofooka zamakampani, ndikukonzekera chitukuko chamtsogolo.
Chachinayi, monga bizinesi yapadera, tapanga machitidwe ambiri amkati ndi ndondomeko zolimbikitsira. Timalimbikitsa ogwira ntchito mwakhama kuti akule, kuwalimbikitsa kuti azichita nawo maphunziro osiyanasiyana ndi kusankha maudindo a ntchito, kuti antchito ndi kampani athe kuphatikizidwa ndikupita patsogolo pamodzi. Pomaliza, monga woyamba kupanga zida zolekanitsa maginito, tasamutsa chitukuko chamtsogolo cha kampaniyo kukhala gawo la mgwirizano wamba wa EPC. Izi sizimangokulitsa mndandanda wamakampani athu, komanso zimakulitsa makasitomala athu padziko lonse lapansi. Chofunikira kwambiri ndikuti Titha kupatsa makasitomala dongosolo limodzi lothandizira kupindula kwa mgodi, ndikupatsa makasitomala ntchito zambiri zoyimitsa kamodzi. Izi zikuphatikizapo kupanga ndondomeko ya kupindula koyambirira, kusankha zipangizo, mapangidwe a boma a chomera chothandizira, mpaka kumapeto komaliza, timapereka mautumiki osiyanasiyana, omwenso ndi chitsogozo chathu chachikulu cha chitukuko m'tsogolomu.
Netiweki ya ufa: Mu Disembala 1998, cholekanitsa chitsulo choyamba chopangidwa ku Linqu komanso kuchokera ku Walter Magnetism chinafika ku Bangladesh kudutsa nyanja. Pambuyo pazaka pafupifupi 28 zachitukuko, kodi msika wamakono wapakhomo ndi wakunja wazinthu za Huate za magnetoelectric ndi ziti? M'zaka zaposachedwa, ndi misika iti yofunsira yomwe ili ndi mabizinesi omwe amakula makamaka?
Bambo Wang: Poyamba, tinkapereka makamaka ntchito za malasha, zitsulo, simenti, ndi kupanga magetsi. Pambuyo pake, tinasintha kukhala bizinesi yamigodi. Pakali pano, magulu athu makasitomala kunyumba ndi kunja zosiyanasiyana zitsulo ndi sanali zitsulo mchere. Mchere wamchere umaphatikizapo manganese ore, iron ore, chromium ore, etc., ndi mchere wopanda zitsulo monga mchenga wa quartz, kaolin, feldspar ndi zina zotero. Msika wapakhomo, kaya ku Fengyang Damiao Town Industrial Park kapena m'malo omwe migodi yopanda zitsulo imakhala yokhazikika, monga Guangdong ndi Fujian, tili ndi makasitomala okhwima kwambiri ndipo kuzindikira kwamakasitomala nakonso ndikokwera kwambiri. M'misika yakunja, ndi chidwi chapang'onopang'ono cha oyang'anira akuluakulu a kampani, palinso makasitomala ambiri okhazikika. Mwachitsanzo, mankhwala athu apamwamba a maginito olekanitsa a minerals osagwiritsa ntchito zitsulo-cryogenic superconducting magnetic separators, agwiritsidwa ntchito bwino ku Ulaya; ma elekitiromaginito ofukula mphete wathu mkulu gradient maginito olekanitsa akhala ntchito mu Australia, Germany, Austria, etc. zaka zambiri zapitazo. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mayiko otukuka.
Ma mesh a ufa: Kwa olekanitsa maginito osagwiritsa ntchito zitsulo, ndi mfundo ziti zomwe makasitomala ayenera kulabadira posankha?
Bambo Wang: Monga bizinesi yapadera, chinthu choyamba chomwe chiyenera kuganiziridwa ndi zomwe makasitomala amafunikira. Kodi ndi zotsatira zotani zopanga zomwe akufuna kukwaniritsa ndi cholekanitsa maginito athu? Ndikuganiza kuti choyamba tiyenera kupanga phindu la sayansi ndi umboni. Njira, pansi pa ndondomekoyi, ndiyeno kupyolera mu labotale yovomerezeka ya magnetoelectric mineral processing kuyesa, kudziwa ndondomeko yofunikira ndi chitsanzo cha zipangizo. Ngati timalimbikitsa mwachimbulimbuli zinthu zokhala ndi mphamvu zapamwamba, ngakhale zili ndi mphamvu zamaginito, ndikuganiza kuti uwu ndi mgwirizano wopanda udindo. Ziyenera kutengera momwe kasitomala amapangira zida, ndikupangira zida zotsika mtengo kwambiri kwa kasitomala. Cholinga choyambirira cha anthu athu a Walter. Pambuyo posankha mphamvu yamunda, sitepe yotsatira ndiyo kusankha chitsanzo. Tidzazindikira kukula kwachitsanzo malinga ndi mphamvu yake yopangira.
Kumbali ya kasitomala, ndikufuna kutsindika kuti khalidwe ndi moyo wa olekanitsa maginito ayenera kuganiziridwa posankha zipangizo. Kuti tipereke chitsanzo chosavuta, ma electromagnetic of vertical ring ring high gradient magnetic separators amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'migodi yopanda zitsulo. Imachotsa zonyansa ku iron oxide ndikuwongolera bwino. Chigawo chapakati cha mphete yowongoka yamphamvu ya maginito olekanitsa ndi koyilo, monga gawo la injini yagalimoto. Moyo wa koyilo udzakhudza mwachindunji moyo wautumiki wa zida, ndipo moyo wautumiki wa koyilo umatsimikiziridwa. Njira ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito njira yoziziritsira bwino kuti ikhazikitse kutentha kwa koyiloyo pambuyo poyatsa mphamvu kwa nthawi yayitali, kuti koyiloyo isakumane ndi kutentha kwakukulu ndi ngozi zina panthawi yayitali.
Choncho, ndikuganiza kuti njira yozizira ya koyilo ndiyofunikira kwambiri pamene kasitomala amasankha cholekanitsa maginito.
Powder Network: Pansi pa mliri, kodi bizinesi yakampani yanu yakhudzidwa kwambiri?
Purezidenti Wang: Pambuyo pa mliri wa 2020, sitinakhudzidwe kwambiri pamsika wapakhomo. Chifukwa ndi chitukuko cha makampaniwa, monga kuwonjezeka kwa mtengo wachitsulo, kuwonjezeka kwa kufunikira, chitukuko chodziwika bwino cha dziko la mafakitale a photovoltaic, etc., migodi yachitsulo ndi yopanda zitsulo yayambitsa chitukuko. mwayi. Monga wopanga zida zamigodi, chitukukochi chikuphatikizidwa kwambiri ndi wopanga migodi. Pakalipano, dziko lino likukwera kwambiri. Kumbali ina, chifukwa cha kufalikira kwa mliriwu padziko lonse lapansi, misika yathu yakunja yakhudzidwa pang'ono ndipo sitingathe kutenga nawo mbali paziwonetsero zakunja. Pali kutsika kwa madongosolo akunja. Komabe, tikusinthanso mwachangu njira zathu zotsatsa ndi mayendedwe athu kuti tipewe kutayika kwamisika yakunja. Onetsetsani kukhazikika kwa maoda m'misika yakunja.
Powder Network: Kodi kampaniyo ili ndi mapulani otani pakukula kwazinthu komanso kukulitsa msika mtsogolomo?
Bambo Wang: Pankhani imeneyi, monga ndanenera poyamba paja, m’zaka 30 zapitazi, bambo anga anali ndi mipata yambiri yogwira nawo ntchito m’mafakitale ena, koma adakali odzipereka pantchito yokonza ndi kupanga R&D m’munda wa teknoloji ya maginito. zomwe tipitiliza kupanga mu sitepe yotsatira. malangizo. Chotsatira chathu chotsatira chikadali kukumba mozama kwa kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa maginito. Pakalipano, tikupanga chipangizo cha electromagnetic ejection, chomwe ndi teknoloji yozimitsa moto ya m'nkhalango yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito teknoloji ya electromagnetic kukankhira mabomba ozimitsa moto. Nthawi zambiri, chitukuko chathu chamtsogolo cha Huat Magnetoelectricity ndikukulitsa ndikukweza zida zolekanitsa zomwe zilipo kale, ndikuwongolera bwino ndikukweza mphamvu, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndi kusanja, kuti apatse makasitomala anga okwera mtengo kwambiri. mankhwala olekanitsa maginito abwino. Chinanso ndikugwiritsa ntchito ndikukula kwaukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri monga ukadaulo wa electromagnetic ejection ndi ejection yanthawi zonse ya maginito.
Powder Network: Monga mpainiya mumakampani amagetsi amtundu wamagetsi, mukuganiza kuti ndi zifukwa ziti zofunika kwambiri zomwe kampaniyo yakwaniritsa pano? Nthawi yomweyo, malingaliro anu ndi malingaliro anu ndi otani pakukula kwamakampani opanga zida zamagetsi zapakhomo?
Bambo Wang: Kukula kwa Walter Magnetoelectricity lero sikungasiyanitsidwe ndi zifukwa zotsatirazi.
Choyamba, monga bizinesi yapadera, tikakumana ndi kasitomala aliyense, timaganiza nthawi zonse kuchokera kwa kasitomala, komanso chifukwa cha kasitomala. Kuchokera pakupanga njira yopezera phindu mpaka kusankha kwazinthu, ndipo pamapeto pake, timayika kasitomala patsogolo.
Chachiwiri, mgwirizano wamkati ndi mgwirizano wa kampani yathu ndi wamphamvu kwambiri. Ogwira ntchito pakampaniyo ali ndi malingaliro amphamvu kwambiri okhudzana ndi kukhala nawo. Kaya ndi malonda, R&D kapena kupanga, ogwira ntchito pakampani nthawi zonse amayamba kuchokera kumalingaliro akampani akamachita zinthu.
Chachitatu ndi khalidwe la katundu wa kampani. Makasitomala akamatchula zinthu za Huate, amaganiza kuti zopangidwa ndi Huate ndi “vuto” ndipo sizidzathyoka. Ichinso ndi chinthu chomwe timanyadira nacho kwambiri. Pankhani ya ntchito yogulitsa pambuyo pa malonda, kwa wothandizira zipangizo zoyenerera, pambuyo pa malonda ndi mfundo yofunika kwambiri pa nthawi yonse yotumikira makasitomala. Sitimangogulitsa zida ndipo tamaliza. Tiyeneranso kupereka kutsata kwanthawi yayitali ndi maulendo obwereza kwa makasitomala. Pakakhala vuto ndi zida, tidzafika pamalowo mkati mwa maola 24, ndipo titha kuthetsa mavuto kwa makasitomala munthawi yochepa kwambiri.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jun-10-2021