Mu nthawi ya "Ndondomeko ya Zaka Zisanu ya 14", malinga ndi dongosolo la "mpweya wa kaboni ndi mpweya wopanda mpweya" mdziko muno, makampani opanga magetsi a photovoltaic atsogolera ku chitukuko choopsa. Kufalikira kwa makampani opanga magetsi a photovoltaic "kwapanga chuma" pa unyolo wonse wa mafakitale. Mu unyolo wokongola uwu, magalasi a photovoltaic ndi ulalo wofunikira kwambiri. Masiku ano, polimbikitsa kusunga mphamvu ndi kuteteza chilengedwe, kufunikira kwa magalasi a photovoltaic kukuwonjezeka tsiku ndi tsiku, ndipo pali kusalingana pakati pa kupezeka ndi kufunikira. Nthawi yomweyo, mchenga wa quartz wotsika ndi woyera kwambiri, chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pagalasi la photovoltaic, nawonso wakwera, ndipo mtengo wakwera ndipo kupezeka sikukupezeka. Akatswiri amakampani amalosera kuti mchenga wa quartz wotsika udzakhala ndi kuwonjezeka kwa nthawi yayitali kwa oposa 15% kwa zaka zoposa 10. Pansi pa mphepo yamphamvu ya photovoltaic, kupanga mchenga wa quartz wotsika kwakopa chidwi cha anthu ambiri.
1. Mchenga wa quartz wa galasi la photovoltaic
Galasi la Photovoltaic nthawi zambiri limagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gulu lolumikizira ma module a photovoltaic, ndipo limalumikizana mwachindunji ndi chilengedwe chakunja. Kukana kwa nyengo, mphamvu, kufalikira kwa kuwala ndi zizindikiro zina zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa moyo wa ma module a photovoltaic komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mphamvu kwa nthawi yayitali. Ma ayoni achitsulo omwe ali mumchenga wa quartz ndi osavuta kupaka utoto, ndipo kuti zitsimikizire kuti galasi loyambirira limadutsa mphamvu zambiri, kuchuluka kwa chitsulo mu galasi la photovoltaic ndi kotsika kuposa kwa galasi wamba, ndipo mchenga wa quartz wopanda chitsulo wokhala ndi chiyero cha silicon komanso kuchuluka kwa zodetsa pang'ono uyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito.
Pakadali pano, pali mchenga wa quartz wotsika kwambiri womwe ndi wosavuta kukumba m'dziko lathu, ndipo umagawidwa kwambiri ku Heyuan, Guangxi, Fengyang, Anhui, Hainan ndi malo ena. M'tsogolomu, chifukwa cha kukula kwa mphamvu yopangira magalasi oyera kwambiri a maselo a dzuwa, mchenga wa quartz wapamwamba wokhala ndi malo ochepa opangira udzakhala chuma chosowa. Kupereka mchenga wa quartz wapamwamba komanso wokhazikika kudzachepetsa mpikisano wa makampani opanga magalasi a photovoltaic mtsogolo. Chifukwa chake, momwe mungachepetsere bwino kuchuluka kwa chitsulo, aluminiyamu, titaniyamu ndi zinthu zina zodetsedwa mumchenga wa quartz ndikukonzekeretsa mchenga wa quartz woyera kwambiri ndi nkhani yofufuza kwambiri.
2. Kupanga mchenga wa quartz wopanda chitsulo chambiri wagalasi la photovoltaic
2.1 Kuyeretsa Mchenga wa Quartz pa Galasi la Photovoltaic
Pakadali pano, njira zachikhalidwe zoyeretsera quartz zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mokhwima mumakampaniwa zikuphatikizapo kusanja, kutsuka, kuzimitsa madzi pogwiritsa ntchito calcination, kupukuta, kutseka, kusiyanitsa maginito, kulekanitsa mphamvu yokoka, kuyandama, kumasula asidi pogwiritsa ntchito asidi, kuchotsa mpweya m'thupi pogwiritsa ntchito microbial leaching, kuchotsa mpweya m'thupi pogwiritsa ntchito kutentha kwambiri, ndi zina zotero, njira zoyeretsera kwambiri zimaphatikizapo kuwotcha ndi chlorine, kusanja mitundu pogwiritsa ntchito radiation, kusanja maginito pogwiritsa ntchito superconducting, vacuum yotentha kwambiri ndi zina zotero. Njira yoyeretsera mchenga wa quartz m'nyumba yapangidwanso kuyambira "kupukuta, kusiyanitsa maginito, kutsuka" koyambirira mpaka "kulekanitsa → kuphwanya kolimba → kusungunuka → kuzimitsa madzi → kupukuta → kuwunikira → kusiyanitsa maginito → kuyandama → asidi. Njira yoyeretsera yophatikizana yothira → kutsuka → kuumitsa, kuphatikiza ndi microwave, ultrasonic ndi njira zina zoyeretsera kapena zothandizira, imawongolera kwambiri zotsatira zoyeretsera. Poganizira zofunikira zochepa za galasi la photovoltaic, kafukufuku ndi chitukuko cha njira zochotsera mchenga wa quartz zimayambitsidwa makamaka.
Kawirikawiri chitsulo chimapezeka m'mitundu isanu ndi umodzi iyi yomwe imapezeka mu miyala ya quartz:
① Zimapezeka ngati tinthu tating'onoting'ono mu dongo kapena feldspar yokonzedwa ndi kaolinized
②Yolumikizidwa pamwamba pa tinthu ta quartz mu mawonekedwe a filimu ya iron oxide
③Michere yachitsulo monga hematite, magnetite, specularite, qinite, ndi zina zotero kapena mchere wokhala ndi chitsulo monga mica, amphibole, garnet, ndi zina zotero.
④Ili mu mkhalidwe woviikidwa kapena lenzi mkati mwa tinthu ta quartz
⑤ Ilipo mu mkhalidwe wa yankho lolimba mkati mwa kristalo ya quartz
⑥ Chitsulo china chachiwiri chidzasakanizidwa pophwanya ndi kupukusa
Kuti mulekanitse bwino mchere wokhala ndi chitsulo ndi quartz, choyamba ndikofunikira kudziwa momwe chitsulo chilili m'matanthwe a quartz ndikusankha njira yoyenera yopezera phindu ndi njira yolekanitsira kuti muchotse chitsulo.
(1) Njira yolekanitsa maginito
Njira yolekanitsa maginito imatha kuchotsa mchere wofooka wa maginito monga hematite, limonite ndi biotite kuphatikiza tinthu tolumikizana kwambiri. Malinga ndi mphamvu ya maginito, kulekanitsa maginito kumatha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: kulekanitsa kwamphamvu kwa maginito ndi kulekanitsa kwamphamvu kwa maginito. Kulekanitsa kwamphamvu kwa maginito nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsa ntchito cholekanitsa champhamvu cha maginito chonyowa kapena cholekanitsa champhamvu cha maginito.
Kawirikawiri, mchenga wa quartz wokhala ndi mchere wofooka wa maginito monga limonite, hematite, biotite, ndi zina zotero, ukhoza kusankhidwa pogwiritsa ntchito makina amphamvu a maginito amtundu wonyowa pamtengo woposa 8.0×105A/m; Pa mchere wamphamvu wa maginito womwe umayendetsedwa ndi chitsulo, ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito makina ofooka a maginito kapena makina apakati a maginito kuti mulekanitse. [2] Masiku ano, pogwiritsa ntchito maginito olekanitsa maginito amphamvu komanso amphamvu a maginito, kulekanitsa ndi kuyeretsa maginito kwakhala bwino kwambiri poyerekeza ndi zakale. Mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito electromagnetic induction roller type strong magnetic separator kuchotsa chitsulo pansi pa mphamvu ya maginito ya 2.2T kungachepetse kuchuluka kwa Fe2O3 kuchokera pa 0.002% mpaka 0.0002%.
(2) Njira yoyandama
Kuyandama ndi njira yolekanitsira tinthu ta mchere kudzera m'makhalidwe osiyanasiyana a thupi ndi mankhwala pamwamba pa tinthu ta mchere. Ntchito yayikulu ndikuchotsa mica ndi feldspar zokhudzana ndi mchere kuchokera mumchenga wa quartz. Pakuyandama kwa mchere wokhala ndi chitsulo ndi quartz, kupeza mawonekedwe a chitsulo chodetsedwa ndi mawonekedwe ogawa kukula kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndi chinsinsi chosankha njira yoyenera yolekanitsira chitsulo. Michere yambiri yokhala ndi chitsulo ili ndi mfundo yamagetsi yopanda zero pamwamba pa 5, yomwe imakhala ndi mphamvu yabwino pamalo okhala ndi asidi, ndipo mwachiphunzitso ndi yoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi osonkhanitsa a anionic.
Mafuta acid (sopo), hydrocarbyl sulfonate kapena sulfate zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati anionic collector poyendetsa iron oxide ore. Pyrite ikhoza kuyenda kuchokera ku quartz m'malo osungiramo zinthu ndi chothandizira chachikale cha isobutyl xanthate kuphatikiza butylamine wakuda ufa (4:1). Mlingo wake ndi pafupifupi 200ppmw.
Kuyandama kwa ilmenite nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsa ntchito sodium oleate (0.21mol/L) ngati chothandizira kuyandama kuti pH ikhale 4 ~ 10. Kusintha kwa mankhwala kumachitika pakati pa ma ioni a oleate ndi tinthu tachitsulo pamwamba pa ilmenite kuti tipange iron oleate, yomwe imayamwa ndi mankhwala. Ma ioni a Oleate amasunga ilmenite kuti isayandame bwino. Zosonkhanitsa za phosphonic acid zochokera ku hydrocarbon zomwe zapangidwa m'zaka zaposachedwa zili ndi kusankha bwino komanso magwiridwe antchito abwino a ilmenite.
(3) Njira yochotsera asidi
Cholinga chachikulu cha njira yochotsera asidi ndikuchotsa mchere wachitsulo wosungunuka mu yankho la asidi. Zinthu zomwe zimakhudza zotsatira za kuyeretsa kwa kuchotsa asidi ndi monga kukula kwa tinthu ta mchenga wa quartz, kutentha, nthawi, mtundu wa asidi, kuchuluka kwa asidi, chiŵerengero cha solid-liquid, ndi zina zotero, ndikuwonjezera kutentha ndi yankho la asidi. Kuchuluka ndi kuchepetsa utali wa tinthu ta quartz kumatha kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa kuchotsera ndi kuchuluka kwa kuchotsera kwa Al. Mphamvu ya kuyeretsa ya asidi imodzi ndi yochepa, ndipo asidi wosakaniza ali ndi mphamvu yogwirizana, yomwe ingawonjezere kwambiri kuchuluka kwa zinthu zodetsedwa monga Fe ndi K. Ma asidi wamba osapangidwa ndi zinthu ndi HF, H2SO4, HCl, HNO3, H3PO4, HClO4, H2C2O4, nthawi zambiri awiri kapena kuposerapo amasakanizidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito mu gawo linalake.
Oxalic acid ndi asidi wachilengedwe wogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pochotsa asidi. Amatha kupanga zovuta zokhazikika ndi ma ayoni achitsulo osungunuka, ndipo zonyansa zimatsukidwa mosavuta. Ali ndi ubwino wa mlingo wochepa komanso kuchuluka kwa chitsulo chochotsedwa. Anthu ena amagwiritsa ntchito ultrasound kuti athandize kuyeretsa oxalic acid, ndipo adapeza kuti poyerekeza ndi ultrasound yachizolowezi yosakaniza ndi tank, probe ultrasound ili ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa Fe removal, kuchuluka kwa oxalic acid ndi kochepera 4g/L, ndipo kuchuluka kwa chitsulo chochotsedwa kumafika 75.4%.
Kupezeka kwa asidi wosungunuka ndi hydrofluoric acid kumatha kuchotsa bwino zinthu zosafunika zachitsulo monga Fe, Al, Mg, koma kuchuluka kwa hydrofluoric acid kuyenera kulamulidwa chifukwa hydrofluoric acid kumatha kuwononga tinthu ta quartz. Kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma acid kumakhudzanso ubwino wa njira yoyeretsera. Pakati pawo, asidi wosakaniza wa HCl ndi HF uli ndi zotsatira zabwino kwambiri zokonzera. Anthu ena amagwiritsa ntchito HCl ndi HF mixed leaching agent kuti ayeretse mchenga wa quartz pambuyo popatukana ndi maginito. Kudzera mu leaching ya mankhwala, kuchuluka kwa zinthu zosafunika ndi 40.71μg/g, ndipo chiyero cha SiO2 ndi chapamwamba kwambiri mpaka 99.993wt%.
(4) Kutulutsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timagwiritsidwa ntchito kutulutsa chitsulo chopyapyala kapena kuyika chitsulo pamwamba pa tinthu ta mchenga wa quartz, yomwe ndi njira yomwe yapangidwa posachedwapa yochotsera chitsulo. Kafukufuku wakunja wasonyeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito Aspergillus niger, Penicillium, Pseudomonas, Polymyxin Bacillus ndi tizilombo tina tomwe timachotsa chitsulo pamwamba pa filimu ya quartz kwapeza zotsatira zabwino, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti Aspergillus niger achotse chitsulo bwino kwambiri. Kuchuluka kwa Fe2O3 kumachotsedwa kwambiri kuposa 75%, ndipo kuchuluka kwa Fe2O3 concentrate ndi kochepa ngati 0.007%. Ndipo zapezeka kuti zotsatira za leaching iron ndi mabakiteriya ambiri ndi nkhungu zisanakulime zingakhale bwino.
2.2 Kupita patsogolo kwina kwa kafukufuku wa mchenga wa quartz pagalasi la photovoltaic
Pofuna kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa asidi, kuchepetsa kuvutika kwa kuyeretsa zinyalala, komanso kukhala wosamala zachilengedwe, Peng Shou [5] ndi ena adavumbulutsa njira yokonzekera mchenga wa quartz wotsika wa 10ppm pogwiritsa ntchito njira yosaphika: quartz yachilengedwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zopangira, komanso kuphwanya magawo atatu. Gawo loyamba lopera ndi gulu lachiwiri limatha kupeza grit ya 0.1 ~ 0.7mm; grit imalekanitsidwa ndi gawo loyamba la kulekanitsa kwa maginito ndi gawo lachiwiri la kuchotsa kwamphamvu kwa chitsulo chamakina ndi mchere wokhala ndi chitsulo kuti mupeze mchenga wolekanitsa wa maginito; kulekanitsa kwa maginito kwa mchenga kumachitika ndi flotation yachiwiri. Fe2O3 imakhala yotsika kuposa 10ppm mchenga wa quartz wotsika wa chitsulo, flotation imagwiritsa ntchito H2SO4 ngati regulator, imasintha pH=2~3, imagwiritsa ntchito sodium oleate ndi mafuta a kokonati monga osonkhanitsa. Mchenga wa quartz wokonzedwa bwino wa SiO2≥99.9%, Fe2O3≤10ppm, umakwaniritsa zofunikira za zipangizo zopangira siliceous zomwe zimafunikira pagalasi lowala, galasi lowonetsera la photoelectric, ndi galasi la quartz.
Kumbali inayi, chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa zinthu zapamwamba za quartz, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino zinthu zochepa kwakopa chidwi cha anthu ambiri. Xie Enjun wa ku China Building Materials Bengbu Glass Industry Design and Research Institute Co., Ltd. adagwiritsa ntchito kaolin tailings kukonzekera mchenga wa quartz wopanda chitsulo chotsika kuti ugwiritsidwe ntchito pagalasi la photovoltaic. Kapangidwe ka mchere ka Fujian kaolin tailings ndi quartz, komwe kumakhala ndi mchere wochepa wodetsedwa monga kaolinite, mica, ndi feldspar. Pambuyo poti kaolin tailings yakonzedwa ndi njira yopangira "grinding-hydraulic classification-magnetic separation-flotation", kuchuluka kwa tinthu ta 0.6 ~ 0.125mm kumakhala kokulirapo kuposa 95%, SiO2 ndi 99.62%, Al2O3 ndi 0.065%, Fe2O3 ndi 92 × 10-6 fine quartz sand yomwe ikukwaniritsa zofunikira za mchenga wa quartz wopanda chitsulo chotsika kuti ugwiritsidwe ntchito pagalasi la photovoltaic.
Shao Weihua ndi ena ochokera ku Zhengzhou Institute of Comprehensive Utilization of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, adasindikiza patent yopangidwa: njira yokonzekera mchenga wa quartz woyera kwambiri kuchokera ku tailings za kaolin. Njira zake ndi izi: a. Ma tailings a Kaolin amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati miyala yaiwisi, yomwe imasefedwa ikasunthidwa ndikutsukidwa kuti ipeze zinthu za +0.6mm; b. Zinthu za +0.6mm zimaphwanyidwa ndikugawidwa m'magulu, ndipo zinthu za mchere za 0.4mm0.1mm zimayikidwa mu ntchito yolekanitsa maginito. Kuti mupeze zinthu zamaginito ndi zopanda maginito, zinthu zopanda maginito zimalowa mu ntchito yolekanitsa mphamvu yokoka kuti zipeze mchere wowala wolekanitsa mphamvu yokoka ndi mchere wolemera wolekanitsa mphamvu yokoka, ndipo mchere wowala wolekanitsa mphamvu yokoka umalowa mu ntchito yokonzanso kuti upeze mchere wa +0.1mm; c+0.1mm Mchere umalowa mu ntchito yoyandama kuti upeze flotation concentrate. Madzi apamwamba a flotation concentrate amachotsedwa kenako amatsukidwa ndi ultrasonically, kenako amasefedwa kuti apeze zinthu za coarse +0.1mm ngati mchenga wa quartz woyera kwambiri. Njira yopangirayi siingopeza zinthu zapamwamba za quartz zokha, komanso ili ndi nthawi yochepa yokonza, kuyenda kosavuta kwa njira, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa, komanso mtundu wapamwamba wa quartz concentrate yomwe yapezeka, yomwe ingakwaniritse zofunikira za quartz yoyera kwambiri.
Ma tailings a Kaolin ali ndi zinthu zambiri za quartz. Kudzera mu kuyeretsa, kuyeretsa ndi kukonza mozama, amatha kukwaniritsa zofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zopangira magalasi oyera kwambiri a photovoltaic. Izi zimaperekanso lingaliro latsopano la kugwiritsa ntchito bwino zinthu za kaolin tailings.
3. Chidule cha msika wa mchenga wa quartz wopanda chitsulo chambiri wagalasi la photovoltaic
Kumbali imodzi, mu theka lachiwiri la 2020, mphamvu zopangira zomwe zikuchepa sizingathe kuthana ndi kufunikira kwakukulu komwe kukuchitika chifukwa cha chuma chambiri. Kupezeka ndi kufunikira kwa magalasi a photovoltaic sikuli kofanana, ndipo mtengo ukukwera. Mogwirizana ndi mgwirizano wa makampani ambiri opanga magetsi a photovoltaic, mu Disembala 2020, Unduna wa Zamalonda ndi Ukadaulo wa Chidziwitso udatulutsa chikalata chofotokoza kuti pulojekiti ya magalasi opindidwa a photovoltaic sangapange dongosolo losinthira mphamvu. Pokhudzidwa ndi ndondomeko yatsopanoyi, kuchuluka kwa kupanga magalasi a photovoltaic kudzakulitsidwa kuyambira 2021. Malinga ndi chidziwitso cha anthu onse, mphamvu ya magalasi opindidwa a photovoltaic okhala ndi dongosolo lomveka bwino lopangira mu 21/22 idzafika pa 22250/26590t/d, ndi kukula kwa pachaka kwa 68.4/48.6%. Pankhani ya chitsimikizo cha mfundo ndi zofuna, mchenga wa photovoltaic ukuyembekezeka kuyambitsa kukula kwakukulu.
Mphamvu yopangira magalasi a photovoltaic a 2015-2022
Kumbali ina, kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa mphamvu yopangira magalasi a photovoltaic kungapangitse kuti mchenga wa silica wopanda chitsulo upitirire kuperekedwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kupanga kwenikweni kwa magalasi a photovoltaic kukhale kochepa. Malinga ndi ziwerengero, kuyambira 2014, kupanga mchenga wa quartz m'dziko langa kwakhala kotsika pang'ono poyerekeza ndi kufunikira kwa m'dziko, ndipo kupezeka ndi kufunikira kwakhalabe kolimba.
Nthawi yomweyo, zinthu zamtengo wapatali za quartz m'dziko langa sizipezeka kawirikawiri, zimapezeka ku Heyuan ku Guangdong, Beihai ku Guangxi, Fengyang ku Anhui ndi Donghai ku Jiangsu, ndipo zambiri mwa izo ziyenera kutumizidwa kunja.
Mchenga wa quartz woyera kwambiri ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri (zomwe zimawerengera pafupifupi 25% ya mtengo wa zinthu zopangira) m'zaka zaposachedwa. Mtengo wake wakhala ukukweranso. M'mbuyomu, wakhala pafupifupi 200 yuan/tani kwa nthawi yayitali. Pambuyo pa kufalikira kwa mliri wa Q1 m'zaka 20, watsika kwambiri, ndipo pakadali pano ukugwira ntchito bwino pakadali pano.
Mu 2020, kufunikira konse kwa mchenga wa quartz m'dziko langa kudzakhala matani 90.93 miliyoni, zotulutsa zidzakhala matani 87.65 miliyoni, ndipo ndalama zonse zomwe zimalowetsedwa kunja zidzakhala matani 3.278 miliyoni. Malinga ndi chidziwitso cha anthu onse, kuchuluka kwa miyala ya quartz mu 100kg ya galasi losungunuka ndi pafupifupi 72.2kg. Malinga ndi dongosolo lokulitsa lomwe lili pano, kuwonjezeka kwa mphamvu ya galasi la photovoltaic mu 2021/2022 kungafikire 3.23/24500t/d, malinga ndi kupanga pachaka. Powerengedwa kwa masiku 360, kupanga konse kudzagwirizana ndi kufunikira kwatsopano kwa mchenga wa silica wopanda chitsulo cha 836/635 miliyoni / chaka, ndiko kuti, kufunikira kwatsopano kwa mchenga wa silica wopanda chitsulo cha 2021/2022 kudzawerengera mchenga wonse wa quartz mu 2020 ndi 9.2% / 7.0% ya kufunikira. Poganizira kuti mchenga wa silica wopanda chitsulo ndi gawo limodzi la kufunikira kwa mchenga wa silica wonse, kukakamizidwa kwa kupezeka ndi kufunikira kwa mchenga wa silica wopanda chitsulo chifukwa cha ndalama zambiri zopangira magalasi a photovoltaic kungakhale kwakukulu kuposa kukakamizidwa kwa makampani onse a mchenga wa quartz.
—Nkhani yochokera ku Powder Network
Nthawi yotumizira: Disembala-11-2021